{"id":1265,"date":"2020-08-05T08:56:51","date_gmt":"2020-08-05T12:56:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thediversitymovement.com\/?p=1265"},"modified":"2023-12-12T17:01:46","modified_gmt":"2023-12-12T22:01:46","slug":"exploring-stress-in-cross-race-interactions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thediversitymovement.com\/exploring-stress-in-cross-race-interactions\/","title":{"rendered":"Exploring Stress in Cross-Race Interactions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><button id=\"listenButton1\" class=\"responsivevoice-button\" type=\"button\" value=\"Play\" title=\"ResponsiveVoice Tap to Start\/Stop Speech\"><span>&#128266; Listen to this article<\/span><\/button>\n        <script>\n            listenButton1.onclick = function(){\n                if(responsiveVoice.isPlaying()){\n                    responsiveVoice.cancel();\n                }else{\n                    responsiveVoice.speak(\"This article rests on two things being true - that men and women experience stress in different ways, and that cross-race interactions can be stress-provoking. The thesis behind this paper is that men and women, therefore, experience stress differentially in cross-race interactions. Is one gender prone to being more stressed in these interactions? Is one gender able to navigate interracial difference better than another? These are interesting and important questions to consider, but first, we must establish a few foundational truths. Men and women experience stress differently One of the most common findings within stress research is that women experience higher rates of anxiety compared to men during their lifetimes. Gender differences in trajectories of emotional problems, such as anxiety and aggression, emerge during early adolescence, according to Coping with Perceived Peer Stress: Gender-Specific and Common Pathways to Symptoms of Psychopathology (2010). Girls reported significantly higher levels of anxiety, whereas boys reported significantly higher levels of overt aggression. Responses to stress seem to develop divergently between boys and girls starting in adolescence, such that girls and women tend to internalize stress whereas boys and men tend to externalize stress. Aside from responding to and experiencing stress in different ways, men and women also become stressed due to different factors. Gender Differences in Stress Generation: an Examination of Interpersonal Predictors examined 14-day mood and stressful life event diaries among 206 college students (67 male, 139 female), finding that 42% of women reported dependent interpersonal stress compared to 18% of men. This suggests that women may face more stressors related to relationships and interpersonal interactions, while men may face more stressors due to non-relational concerns such as finances or grades. Cross-race interactions are stressful Prior to considering how gender affects cross-race interactions, it is crucial to understand why stress is prominent in cross-race interactions. In her summary of White individuals and Black individuals in interracial interaction research, Laura Babbitt (2011) explains that generally \u201cWhites are often concerned about appearing prejudiced to Blacks, and Blacks are concerned about prejudice from Whites.\u201d In our current political climate, racism, discrimination and marginalization are concerns of all people, Black and White alike. It is easy to imagine that people of all races feel obligated to act in certain ways, or code switch around people of other races, which adds a sense of uneasiness and stress. People seem to be especially afraid of misspeaking and therefore eliciting a negative reaction when talking with people of another race. Another cause of stress in cross-race interactions may be perceived cultural barriers, differences in socioeconomic status, and differences in privilege. People may simply be less able to relate to one another\u2019s experiences and actions. These issues were prominent in Jennifer Bratter and Karl Eschblach\u2019s 2006 study on interracial versus intraracial marriage. In a pool of married and cohabiting couples in the United States, interracial marriage was associated with severe distress for Native American men, White women, and Hispanic men and women married to non-White spouses when compared to intraracial marriage. This is important to note as this provides insight into why cross-race interactions may be stress-provoking. It doesn\u2019t appear that stress is always an innate response to racial differences, but can rather be explained by differences in experience and understanding. Gender and stress expression in cross-race interactions\u00a0 Now that we understand how and why men and women experience differently and how and why cross-race interactions are stressful, we can begin to dive into how and why men and women experience stress differently in cross-race interactions.\u00a0 In the only research study to date of its kind, Scott Vrana and David Rollock explicitly measured gender differences in physiological stress responses in cross-race interactions. Specifically, they examined physiological response to an encounter with and touch by an unfamiliar person of either the same race or a different race (but same sex).\u00a0 The study involved 55 African American (23 male, 30 female) and 51 European American (23 male, 28 female) undergraduates. White and Black women showed more positive facial expression (measured by electromyographic (EMG) muscle activity in the zygomaticus (smile) region) than men, and White and Black male participants showed more heart rate acceleration when encountering a Black male interactor. These findings suggest that women may be more comfortable than men in cross-race interactions and simply interactions overall.\u00a0 However, it is difficult to determine whether the positive facial expressions were due to comfort or due to affect and politeness, as women are known to smile more than men in general (as evidenced in Judith Hall\u2019s 1984 research study). Nevertheless, White and Black men tended to have higher heart rate acceleration when encountering a Black male interactor, suggesting discomfort or nervousness associated with meeting a Black man. This may be due to discomfort in cross-race interactions for White men and internalized racism in Black men. However, this study was conducted in 1998 and may be marked by its time, further highlighting the need for new and continuing study.\u00a0 Although I don\u2019t have the resources to conduct a full-fledged research experiment to get to the bottom of this question, I do have a few thoughts\u2026 I do believe that men likely experience more stress in cross-race interactions than women. My reasoning is two-fold. First, interracial stress in women may be mitigated in part due to a shared marginalized, stereotyped, and low-status identity group - that of being a woman.\u00a0 As such, women may feel more solidarity with each other than men do, and may focus more on their gender commonality than their racial difference. Perceived discrimination toward one\u2019s own racial group was positively associated with expressed closeness with another racial minority group, according to Coalition or Derogation? How Reminders of Discrimination Influence Intraminority Intergroup Relations. When applied to gender minorities, these findings may suggest that women feel increased closeness with each other (regardless of race) due to shared experiences of gender discrimination. Additionally, current media and feminist campaigns such as Together Women Can and Women for Women have recently stressed the need for women to lift other women up, which may increase women\u2019s willingness to interact with other women from a variety of backgrounds.\u00a0 Second, police brutality in which White male cops harm Black male individuals is increasingly prevalent, decreasing amity between White and Black men as discussed in \u201cWhy I Can\\'t Stand Out in Front of My House?\u201d: Street\u2010Identified Black Youth and Young Adult\\'s Negative Encounters With Police. Although these racial tensions also exist among women and there has undoubtedly been White female violence against Black men and White male violence against White women, White male violence against Black men is most common in the media.\u00a0 Take for example the cases of George Floyd, Rayshard Brooks, Ahmaud Arbery, Eric Garner, Trayvon Martin and Tamir Rice.\u00a0 These six men are often grouped together to represent the unlawful and unfair treatment of Black men at the hands of White, male, police. On the other hand, Breonna Taylor often stands alone, indicating that while the injustices done to Black women are just as horrific, they don\u2019t seem to occur, or are at least not broadcasted, as often. With all of the current racial tension in the U.S., it is my assumption that men\u2019s willingness to interact with other men from a variety of backgrounds may decrease, and will be lower than that of women. Why you should care So why is this all important? This is important because the prevalence of racially diverse individuals in the U.S. has drastically increased and is continuing to increase. Not only is the country diversifying, but cross-race interactions are increasing as well. One example of this is that the prevalence of interracial and cross-cultural marriages and relationships are increasingly common. In fact, in just over a year, I will be marrying my high-school sweetheart, a Latino man. I\u2019ve had the privilege over the past 6.5 years to learn new things about his family\u2019s culture, share my own traditions, and begin to incorporate differing expectations into our wedding planning. Although this is many years down the line, we also recognize that when we have children, it\u2019s likely that they will look more like one of us than the other. We were both raised and now live in highly diverse communities in which seeing a White woman with a Latino man didn\u2019t raise too many eyebrows. But I do wonder if I\u2019ll start to get questioning looks when I take my Latinx-passing children to the grocery store, or if people will question my partner when he takes our White-passing children to their soccer games. It\u2019d be naive of me to say that our cross-cultural, cross-ethnic marriage will pose no challenges.\u00a0 Therefore, it is especially important to understand race, and racial interactions in order to promote better psychological outcomes among historically marginalized and underrepresented groups and to promote more positive interactions among people of different backgrounds. However, studying race alone is not enough, as gender often plays a large role in the opinions and views of individuals and can either mitigate or exacerbate racialized distress. Race and gender come together to form an intersectional identity. Individuals are not only seen as Black or White, or male or female, but are seen as an amalgamation of their gender and race. Stereotypes influence each of these identities so that Black men, White men, Black women and White women are all described by often baseless assumptions, as suggested by Mary McRae\u2019s 2003 keynote address at Working Mother\u2019s Best Companies for Women of Color National Conference.\u00a0 Experiences of stress and discrimination are dependent on an intersectional identity in which race and gender cannot be separated. It is vital that we begin to better understand why and how different people find cross-race interactions stressful so that we can begin to mitigate these issues and work towards better and increased understanding of others. References Auerbach, R. P., & Shih, J. H. (2010). Gender differences in stress generation: an examination of interpersonal predictors. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 3(4), 332-344.\u00a0 Babbitt, L. G. (2011). An intersectional approach to Black\/White interracial interactions: the roles of gender and sexual orientation. Sex Roles, 68(11-12), 791-802. doi:10.1007\/s11199-011-0104-4 Bratter, J. L., & Eschbach, K. (2006). \\'What about the couple?\\' Interracial marriage and psychological distress. Social Science Research, 35, 1025-1047. doi:10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2005.09.001 Craig, M. A., & Richeson, J. A. (2012). Coalition or derogation? How reminders of discrimination influence intraminority intergroup relations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(4), 759-777. doi:10.1037\/e527772014-203 Hall, J. A. (1984). Nonverbal sex differences: communication accuracy and expressive style. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U.P.\u00a0 McRae, M. (2003, July). How do I talk to you, my White sister? Lecture presented at Working Mother\u2019s Best Companies for Women of Color National Conference in New York University, New York.\u00a0 Payne, Y. A., Hitchens, B. K., & Chambers, D. L. (2017). \u201cWhy I can\\'t stand out in front of my house?\u201d: Street-identified Black youth and young adult\\'s negative encounters with police [Abstract]. Sociological Forum, 32(4), 874-895. Ratcliff, J. J., Lassiter, G. D., Synder, C. J., & Markman, K. D. (2006). Sex differences in attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: The roles of internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(10), 1325- 1338. doi:10.1037\/e633942013-500\u00a0 Sontag, L. M., & Graber, J. A. (2010). Coping with perceived peer stress: gender-specific and common pathways to symptoms of psychopathology. Developmental Psychology, 46(6), 1605-1620. doi:10.1037\/a0020617\u00a0 Vagianos, A. (2017, March 08). Inspiring campaign highlights the power of women helping women. Retrieved April 02, 2018, from https:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/entry\/inspiring- campaign-highlights-the-power-of-women-helping- women_us_576ae170e4b0c0252e781561\u00a0 Vrana, S. R., & Rollock, D. (1998). Physiological response to a minimal social encounter: effects of gender, ethnicity, and social context. Psychophysiology, 35(4), 462-469. doi:10.1111\/1469-8986.3540462\u00a0 Williams, D. R., & Williams-Morris, R. (2000). Racism and mental health: The african american experience. Ethnicity and Health, 5(3), 243. Retrieved from https:\/\/login.proxy.lib.duke.edu\/login?url=https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/docview\/2170541 91?accountid=10598\", \"US English Male\");\n                }\n            };\n        <\/script>\n     <\/br><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This article rests on two things being true &#8211; that men and women experience stress in different ways, and that cross-race interactions can be stress-provoking. The thesis behind this paper is that men and women, therefore, experience stress differentially in cross-race interactions. Is one gender prone to being more stressed in these interactions? Is one gender able to navigate interracial difference better than another? These are interesting and important questions to consider, but first, we must establish a few foundational truths.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Men and women experience stress differently<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the most common findings within stress research is that women experience higher rates of anxiety compared to men during their lifetimes. Gender differences in trajectories of emotional problems, such as anxiety and aggression, emerge during early adolescence, according to <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coping with Perceived Peer Stress: Gender-Specific and Common Pathways to Symptoms of Psychopathology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (2010). Girls reported significantly higher levels of anxiety, whereas boys reported significantly higher levels of overt aggression. Responses to stress seem to develop divergently between boys and girls starting in adolescence, such that girls and women tend to internalize stress whereas boys and men tend to externalize stress.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aside from responding to and experiencing stress in different ways, men and women also become stressed due to different factors. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gender Differences in Stress Generation: an Examination of Interpersonal Predictors<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> examined 14-day mood and stressful life event diaries<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">among 206 college students (67 male, 139 female), finding that 42% of women reported dependent interpersonal stress compared to 18% of men. This suggests that women may face more stressors related to relationships and interpersonal interactions, while men may face more stressors due to non-relational concerns such as finances or grades.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thediversitymovement.com\/library\/%20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8876 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thediversitymovement.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/NEW-TDM-Library-Display-Ad_Large-A-1024x341.png\" alt=\"TDM Library: your one-stop-shop for update, expert DEI Resources. Explore the platform with a free trial. Click here to learn more.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"341\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/thediversitymovement.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/NEW-TDM-Library-Display-Ad_Large-A-1024x341.png 1024w, https:\/\/thediversitymovement.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/NEW-TDM-Library-Display-Ad_Large-A-600x200.png 600w, https:\/\/thediversitymovement.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/NEW-TDM-Library-Display-Ad_Large-A-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/thediversitymovement.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/NEW-TDM-Library-Display-Ad_Large-A-768x256.png 768w, https:\/\/thediversitymovement.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/NEW-TDM-Library-Display-Ad_Large-A.png 1200w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/341;\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cross-race interactions are stressful<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prior to considering how gender affects cross-race interactions, it is crucial to understand why stress is prominent in cross-race interactions. In her summary of White individuals and Black individuals in interracial interaction research, Laura Babbitt (2011) explains that generally \u201cWhites are often concerned about appearing prejudiced to Blacks, and Blacks are concerned about prejudice from Whites.\u201d In our current political climate, racism, discrimination and marginalization are concerns of all people, Black and White alike. It is easy to imagine that people of all races feel obligated to act in certain ways, or code switch around people of other races, which adds a sense of uneasiness and stress. People seem to be especially afraid of misspeaking and therefore eliciting a negative reaction when talking with people of another race.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another cause of stress in cross-race interactions may be perceived cultural barriers, differences in socioeconomic status, and differences in privilege. People may simply be less able to relate to one another\u2019s experiences and actions. These issues were prominent in Jennifer Bratter and Karl Eschblach\u2019s 2006 study on interracial versus intraracial marriage. In a pool of married and cohabiting couples in the United States, interracial marriage was associated with severe distress for Native American men, White women, and Hispanic men and women married to non-White spouses when compared to intraracial marriage. This is important to note as this provides insight into <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">why<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> cross-race interactions may be stress-provoking. It doesn\u2019t appear that stress is always an innate response to racial differences, but can rather be explained by differences in experience and understanding.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gender and stress expression in cross-race interactions\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now that we understand how and why men and women experience differently and how and why cross-race interactions are stressful, we can begin to dive into how and why men and women experience stress differently <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cross-race interactions<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the only research study to date of its kind, Scott Vrana and David Rollock explicitly measured gender differences in physiological stress responses in cross-race interactions. Specifically, they examined physiological response to an encounter with and touch by an unfamiliar person of either the same race or a different race (but same sex).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The study involved 55 African American (23 male, 30 female) and 51 European American (23 male, 28 female) undergraduates<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">White and Black women showed more positive facial expression (measured by electromyographic (EMG) muscle activity in the zygomaticus (smile) region) than men, and White and Black male participants showed more heart rate acceleration when encountering a Black male interactor. These findings suggest that women may be more comfortable than men in cross-race interactions and simply interactions overall.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, it is difficult to determine whether the positive facial expressions were due to comfort or due to affect and politeness, as women are known to smile more than men in general (as evidenced in Judith Hall\u2019s 1984 research study). Nevertheless, White and Black men tended to have higher heart rate acceleration when encountering a Black male interactor, suggesting discomfort or nervousness associated with meeting a Black man. This may be due to discomfort in cross-race interactions for White men and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.isr.umich.edu\/williams\/All%20Publications\/DRW%20pubs%202000\/racism%20and%20mental%20health.%20the%20African%20American%20experience.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">internalized racism in Black men<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. However, this study was conducted in 1998 and may be marked by its time, further highlighting the need for new and continuing study.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although I don\u2019t have the resources to conduct a full-fledged research experiment to get to the bottom of this question, I do have a few thoughts\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I do believe that men likely experience more stress in cross-race interactions than women. My reasoning is two-fold. First, interracial stress in women may be mitigated in part due to a shared marginalized, stereotyped, and low-status identity group &#8211; that of being a woman.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As such, women may feel more solidarity with each other than men do, and may focus more on their gender commonality than their racial difference. Perceived discrimination toward one\u2019s own racial group was positively associated with expressed closeness with another racial minority group, according to <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coalition or Derogation? How Reminders of Discrimination Influence Intraminority Intergroup Relations<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. When applied to gender minorities, these findings may suggest that women feel increased closeness with each other (regardless of race) due to shared experiences of gender discrimination. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additionally, current media and feminist campaigns such as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Together Women Can<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women for Women<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have recently stressed the need for women to lift other women up, which may increase women\u2019s willingness to interact with other women from a variety of backgrounds.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Second, police brutality in which White male cops harm Black male individuals is increasingly prevalent, decreasing amity between White and Black men as discussed in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWhy I Can&#8217;t Stand Out in Front of My House?\u201d: Street\u2010Identified Black Youth and Young Adult&#8217;s Negative Encounters With Police.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Although these racial tensions also exist among women and there has undoubtedly been White female violence against Black men and White male violence against White women, White male violence against Black men is most common in the media.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Take for example the cases of George Floyd, Rayshard Brooks, Ahmaud Arbery, Eric Garner, Trayvon Martin and Tamir Rice.\u00a0 These six men are often grouped together to represent the unlawful and unfair treatment of Black men at the hands of White, male, police. On the other hand, Breonna Taylor often stands alone, indicating that while the injustices done to Black women are just as horrific, they don\u2019t seem to occur, or are at least not broadcasted, as often. With all of the current racial tension in the U.S., it is my assumption that men\u2019s willingness to interact with other men from a variety of backgrounds may decrease, and will be lower than that of women.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why you should care<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So why is this all important? This is important because the prevalence of racially diverse individuals in the U.S. has drastically increased and is continuing to increase. Not only is the country diversifying, but cross-race interactions are increasing as well.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One example of this is that the prevalence of interracial and cross-cultural marriages and relationships are increasingly common. In fact, in just over a year, I will be marrying my high-school sweetheart, a Latino man<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> I\u2019ve had the privilege over the past 6.5 years to learn new things about his family\u2019s culture, share my own traditions, and begin to incorporate differing expectations into our wedding planning. Although this is many years down the line, we also recognize that when we have children, it\u2019s likely that they will look more like one of us than the other. We were both raised and now live in highly diverse communities in which seeing a White woman with a Latino man didn\u2019t raise too many eyebrows. But I do wonder if I\u2019ll start to get questioning looks when I take my Latinx-passing children to the grocery store, or if people will question my partner when he takes our White-passing children to their soccer games. It\u2019d be naive of me to say that our cross-cultural, cross-ethnic marriage will pose no challenges.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, it is especially important to understand race, and racial interactions in order to promote better psychological outcomes among historically marginalized and underrepresented groups and to promote more positive interactions among people of different backgrounds. However, studying race alone is not enough, as gender often plays a large role in the opinions and views of individuals and can either mitigate or exacerbate racialized distress.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Race and gender come together to form an intersectional identity. Individuals are not only seen as Black or White, or male or female, but are seen as an amalgamation of their gender and race. Stereotypes influence each of these identities so that Black men, White men, Black women and White women are all described by often baseless assumptions, as suggested by Mary McRae\u2019s 2003 keynote address at Working Mother\u2019s Best Companies for Women of Color National Conference.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Experiences of stress and discrimination are dependent on an intersectional identity in which race and gender cannot be separated. It is vital that we begin to better understand why and how different people find cross-race interactions stressful so that we can begin to mitigate these issues and work towards better and increased understanding of others.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thediversitymovement.com\/library\/%20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-8041 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thediversitymovement.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/TDM-Library-Footer-Ad-A-1024x85.png\" alt=\"Display ad for TDM Library. Text says &quot;Find more content like this in TDM Library. Start my free trial&quot;\" width=\"1024\" height=\"85\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/thediversitymovement.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/TDM-Library-Footer-Ad-A-1024x85.png 1024w, https:\/\/thediversitymovement.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/TDM-Library-Footer-Ad-A-600x50.png 600w, https:\/\/thediversitymovement.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/TDM-Library-Footer-Ad-A-300x25.png 300w, https:\/\/thediversitymovement.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/TDM-Library-Footer-Ad-A-768x64.png 768w, https:\/\/thediversitymovement.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/TDM-Library-Footer-Ad-A.png 1200w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/85;\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Auerbach, R. P., &amp; Shih, J. H. (2010). Gender differences in stress generation: an examination of interpersonal predictors. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 3<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(4), 332-344.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Babbitt, L. G. (2011). An intersectional approach to Black\/White interracial interactions: the roles of gender and sexual orientation. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sex Roles, 68<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(11-12), 791-802. doi:10.1007\/s11199-011-0104-4<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bratter, J. L., &amp; Eschbach, K. (2006). &#8216;What about the couple?&#8217; Interracial marriage and psychological distress. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social Science Research, 35<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 1025-1047. doi:10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2005.09.001<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Craig, M. A., &amp; Richeson, J. A. (2012). Coalition or derogation? How reminders of discrimination influence intraminority intergroup relations. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(4), 759-777. doi:10.1037\/e527772014-203<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hall, J. A. (1984). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nonverbal sex differences: communication accuracy and expressive style<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U.P.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">McRae, M. (2003, July). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How do I talk to you, my White sister? <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lecture presented at Working Mother\u2019s Best Companies for Women of Color National Conference in New York University, New York.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Payne, Y. A., Hitchens, B. K., &amp; Chambers, D. L. (2017). \u201cWhy I can&#8217;t stand out in front of my house?\u201d: Street<\/span><b>&#8211;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">identified Black youth and young adult&#8217;s negative encounters with police [Abstract]. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sociological Forum, 32<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(4), 874-895.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ratcliff, J. J., Lassiter, G. D., Synder, C. J., &amp; Markman, K. D. (2006). Sex differences in attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: The roles of internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(10), 1325- 1338. doi:10.1037\/e633942013-500\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sontag, L. M., &amp; Graber, J. A. (2010). Coping with perceived peer stress: gender-specific and common pathways to symptoms of psychopathology. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Developmental Psychology, 46<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(6), 1605-1620. doi:10.1037\/a0020617\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vagianos, A. (2017, March 08). Inspiring campaign highlights the power of women helping women. Retrieved April 02, 2018, from https:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/entry\/inspiring- campaign-highlights-the-power-of-women-helping- women_us_576ae170e4b0c0252e781561\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vrana, S. R., &amp; Rollock, D. (1998). Physiological response to a minimal social encounter: effects of gender, ethnicity, and social context. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Psychophysiology, 35<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(4), 462-469. doi:10.1111\/1469-8986.3540462\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Williams, D. R., &amp; Williams-Morris, R. (2000). Racism and mental health: The african american experience. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ethnicity and Health, 5<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(3), 243. Retrieved from https:\/\/login.proxy.lib.duke.edu\/login?url=https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/docview\/2170541 91?accountid=10598<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article rests on two things being true &#8211; that men and women experience stress in different ways, and that cross-race interactions can be stress-provoking. 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